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Traumatic Brain Injury: What happens to the blood-brain barrier? Introduction Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability worldwide for which there is no cure. Many patients who survive from TBI may experience permanent cognitive loss, behavioral issues, and emotional disturbances, which require daily medical or social attentions.[1, 2] It is believed that over 2% US population is experiencing TBI-associated disabilities which create an annual burden evaluated at $60 billion on direct (medical service) and indirect (loss of productivity) costs.[3, 4] Traumatic brain injury is complex which consists of a mechanical trauma (primary injury) and a resulting biochemical cascade (secondary injury), and lead to a wide diversity of symptoms.[5] The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly specialized endothelial barrier which separates components of the circulating blood from neurons.[6] The BBB acts as the interface between the vascular system and the brain that restricts and regulates the exchange of substances.[7] The blood- brain barrier is responsible for the maintaining of homeostasis of the brain through regulating the chemical environment, the entry of xenobiotic and the immune cell transport.[8, 9] The concentration of water, ions, amino acids, hormones and neurotransmitters in the blood undergo fluctuations. If those fluctuations were allowed to occur in the brain it would lead to local disruption of signal propagation and uncontrolled neural activity.[8, 10] Interruption of cerebral blood flow would result in neuronal death.[11] The blood-brain barrier breakdown has often been documented in patients with TBI which may also be used as a biomarker in the clinic and drug trials.[12] The blood-brain barrier ... ...he activate local microglia.[63] Activated microglia can contribute to blood brain barrier opening.[64] Inflammation following blood brain barrier disruption after traumatic brain injury might be vital for the implementation of tissue repair and reorganization or even cell death.[65] Summary The pathological processes that develop following brain injury inevitably lead to neuronal death, which can be immediate or delayed. Blood brain barrier disruption, resulting in neuronal loss, might also influence the long-term traumatic brain injury complications which are characterized by neuronal death.[66, 67] Blood brain barrier breakdown is the central role of traumatic brain injury in the pathophysiology. Prevention of secondary damage following traumatic brain injury poses an important position in the treatment of traumatic brain injury or blood brain barrier breakdown.

Structural Functionalism vs Conflict Theory

Structural functionalism and conflict theory have some different points of view. One of them is that structural functionalism sees society as a complex system, that permit it to interact cohesively, and looks society as a macro-level orientation; while the conflict theory focuses on the social system that only work for a select few of society and is known because the struggle for dominance among social groups that compete for scarce resources. Knowing this, How different structural functionalism views gender than conflict theory does in a society?Gender differences are viewed from functionalism as an efficient way to create divisions and specializing of cooperative labour into specifically circumscribed tasks and roles. Also, it is viewed as a social system where particulars segments are responsible for specific labor acts.These division of labor are very efficient because create a maximum use of resources. This theory has been criticized for reifying gender roles. In functionalist p erspective gender roles contribute to social relations.Conflict theory has a different look of gender. In this theory gender is viewed as an attempt from male to keep power and privilege over female, and males are seen as the dominant group while females are seen as the subordinate group. The only reason why gender roles still exist is because to maintain their power and status the dominant group is still working for that.There exist some difference about how this two theories, functionalist and conflict perspective sees gender and what is the importance in society. In my personal opinion I’m more with the idea that functionalism have with gender.

The Principles Of Nursing Practice - 2428 Words

This essay will discuss and reflect on one of the Principles of Nursing Practice and I will relate this to my practice experience. It will focus on Principle of Nursing Practice A: Dignity, humanity and equality and I will demonstrate knowledge of the Principle of Nursing Practice in my essay and investigate the professional, legal and ethical frameworks that guide nursing practice and discuss and link what I have experienced in practice to my chosen Principle. I have taken into account; The code of professional standards of practice and behaviour for nurses and midwives, I have gained and maintained individuals’ right to privacy and confidentially regarding the patients name and trust details (Nursing and Midwifery Council 2015 p. 6). The Principles of Nursing Practice were introduced by the Royal college of Nursing (RCN) with the input from the Department of Health, the Nursing Midwifery Council, service users and user organisations. They indicate to the public what they should expect from nursing practice, no matter if they are a colleague, service user, or the relatives or carers of the service users. The Principles explain what makes up the safe and effective nursing care, and encounter the aspects of behaviour, attitude and approach that underlie good quality care. They are important to health professionals, in delivering safe care because they indicate how to follow the principles, to be able to assist you in reflecting on your practice and development as aShow MoreRelatedThe Principles Of Nursing Practice2187 Words   |  9 PagesThis essay will discuss the Principles of Nursing Practice with particular reference to Principle D. The professional, legal and ethical frameworks that guide Principle D will als o be considered. The essay will relate this content to what I have read and experienced in practice. Firstly, it will give an overview of the Principles of Nursing Practice with a definition of Principle D. The essay will then explain how I witnessed Principle D being achieved in my nursing practice focussing on two patientsRead MoreEthical Principles Of Nursing Practice974 Words   |  4 PagesWhen ethics in nursing in respect to decision making is looked upon, various key areas are taken into consideration. These key areas include the nursing values, the standards, subject ethical principles and finally the fundamental beliefs in nursing. When a reflection is made on the on the key mentioned areas, it is presumed that each of them is mainly aimed at protecting human dignity and restoring respect to patients (Bush 2007). Ethical values in nursing When looking at nursing values in regardRead MoreCritically Reflect on the Principles Care , How It Impact on Professional Practice?, Relating to Nursing Pratice.2671 Words   |  11 Pagesthis essay, I will define some terms and critically review key elements, principles and Holistic approaches in Palliative care in the process relate them to my practice as a generalist nurse in a hospital setting, its impact on palliative care, and finally discuss on findings and recommendations to my practices. Palliative care is one of the most sensitive specialists in nursing today. Hence the guidance published in nursing times [2012]recommends that trusts draws up a plan to raise awareness ofRead MoreLeadership And Management Theories, Principles And Best Practice Concepts Benefit My Nursing Leadership Development2400 Words   |  10 Pagestheories, principles and best practice concepts benefit my nursing leadership development. To begin with, fundamentals of leadership are to believe in the vision and to enjoy the journey as it is a very important concept in life. Leadership define by Zuber-Skerritt (2011) as the ability to ignite a fire and influence others towards the achievement of common goals that commit to a commonly agreed purpose, such as professional, organizational and community development and advancement of practice of lifeRead MoreNursing Standard Principl1326 Words   |  6 Pagesand science editor, Nursing Standard, The Heights, 59-65 Lowlands Road, Harrow-on-the-Hill, Middlesex HA1 3AW. email: gwen.clarke@rcnpublishing.co.uk Accountability and responsibility: Principle of Nursing Practice B Scrivener R et al (2011) Accountability and responsibility: Principle of Nursing Practice B. Nursing Standard. 25, 29, 35-36. Date of acceptance: January 20 2011. Summary This is the third article in a nine-part series describing the Principles of Nursing Practice developed by the RoyalRead MoreEthics Case Study Essay911 Words   |  4 Pagesuse ethical principles to address the issues presented in the case study will be covered within the paper. A description of conflicts of this nursing student’s personal values and the ethical principles applied in this case study. The paper will describe how the ethical situation may be handled in a different healthcare setting. An identification of a professional nursing organization and describe how this organization incorporates its ethical principles into the organizations practice. An ethicalRead MoreRelationship Between Nursing Practice And Nursing Theories757 Words   |  4 Pagesof my nursing colleagues at work regarding the relationship between their nursing practice and nursing theories. I have summarized the information below in couple different examples. At the same time, all my colleagues have confirmed that their nursing education is based on nursing theory. As a leader, I want nursing practice to be guided by nursing theories and the following examples below highlight some of the nursing theories that I will continue to support in my future nursing practice. I believeRead MoreRunning Head: Accessibility Of Healthcare For Undeserved1540 Words   |  7 Pagesracial acceptance, access to care, unequal social conditions, unequal health conditions, unequal geographic conditions (Smith Parker, 2015). This paper employs a range of nursing theories to develop a framework that unearths accessibility of healthcare services by the undeserved populations as primary to the obligations of the nursing and the entire health industry. Description of the Issue Geographic, social and economic segmentation may easily categorize people into different groups. In most nationsRead MoreEssay on Four Principles of Interpersonal Communication1459 Words   |  6 Pageswhat has been noted about the four principles of interpersonal communication demonstrates that King (2000) has provided the definitive source for reviewing these issues. According to King, interpersonal communication is: inescapable, irreversible, complicated and contextual. Using these four principles as a basis for research, the current investigation provides a review of each of the four principles and the implication of each of these principles for the nursing professional. A situation is describedRead MoreNursing Philosophy and Code of Ethics Essay872 Words   |  4 PagesThere are philosophical forces that make up and direct each nurse’s practice. Burkhardt and Nathaniel (2008) note philosophy as â€Å"the intense and critical examination of beliefs and assumptions (pp. 27). One incorporates knowledge and beliefs to make up their philosophical forces. Possessing outstanding philosophical forces allows one to be respectful, well rounded and possess good character. Some examples of ways one has been respectful towards another person’s beliefs are discussed in the next paragraph